Motivational Interview (MI)

Prochaska and DiClemente’s Stages of Change Model

Stage of Change	Characteristics	Technique
Precontemplation	Not currently considering change: “Ignorance is bliss”	Validate lack of readiness Clarify: decision is theirs Encourage reevaluation of current behavior Encourage self-exploration not action Explain and personalize the risk
Contemplation	Ambivalent about change: “Sitting on the fence” “Not considering change within the next month”	Validate lack of readiness Clarify: decision is theirs Encourage evaluation of pros and cons of behavior change Identify and promote new, positive outcome expectations
Preparation	Some experience with change and are trying to change: “Testing the waters” Planning to act within 1 month	Identify and assist problem solving with reference to obstacles Help patient identify social support Verify that patient has underlying skills for behavior change Encourage small initial steps
Action	Practicing new behavior for 3-6 months	Focus on restructuring cues and social support Bolster self-efficacy for dealing with obstacles Combat feelings of loss and reiterate long-term benefits
Maintenance	Continued commitment to sustaining new behavior post-6 months to 5 years	Plan for follow-up support Reinforce internal rewards Discuss coping with relapse
Relapse	Resumption of old behaviors: “Fall from grace”	Evaluate trigger for relapse Reassess motivation and barriers Plan stronger coping strategies